TEST 8 OCT AM21 SPA

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• MAR 31, 2022 9:19 AM

  Thank you to everyone who posted a comment, question, or idea! We didn't have enough time to get to all of them during the live event. You can continue the conversation with us in the following ways:

  • Use Twitter with the hashtag #TargetedProtection
  • Follow us @WBG_SPLabor on Twitter
  • Learn more about the report, please visit: Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas
  • Visit us at to learn more about the World Bank’s work on social protection. Since April 2020, the World Bank’s social protection operations have reached $12.5 billion, benefiting nearly one billion individuals globally.

  Huge thanks to our panelists and moderators who generously shared their insights with us today. Please check back soon for a recording of the event, which will be made available on this page.

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  Jing Guovia YouTube edited by World Bank Live

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:18 AM

  In order to divert some assistance that households of the registry should receive, is it possible that enumerators or other actors in the field to manipulate the list of households, without the knowledge of government officials or the registry administrators ? If yes, how can this be avoided?

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  Ababacar

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @Ababacar - Good principles of human centered design and delivery systems can help people know what programs are relevant for them, keep their transactions costs down, combat stigma and thus reduce errors of exclusion. In addition, good systems to detect error and fraud are needed. These topics are covered in chapter 4.

  Mar 31 2022 9:18 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 9:16 AM

  Social protection programs are implemented by governments to achieve broad range of economic and social outcomes - including poverty reduction, inequality reduction, human capital development, gender equality and social inclusion. Just targeting the (monetary) poor HHs may be too narrow of an approach if we take into consideration the wider social impact and socially vulnerable groups - does the book discuss targeting with respects to all these broader social outcomes, not only poverty reduction?

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  Tomoo Okubo

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @TomooOkubo - There is an extended discussion on welfare - both monetary and non-monetary - in chapter 3.  On the specifics of targeting methods (chapter 5), the book focuses on targeting monetary welfare and poverty because this is a more complex activity (chapter 6).  However, much of the discussion on delivery systems (chapter 4) is just as relevant to programs which have non-monetary eigibility criteria.
   

  Mar 31 2022 9:16 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 9:13 AM

  In various country contexts I have lived and worked in, the vast majority of the population is poor, or at risk of falling into poverty. In Somalia for example, about 90% of the population is poor, or at high risk of falling into poverty with any given shock. As you also noted earlier, poverty is dynamic, and there is no one fixed group that are "the poor". Indeed poverty is a moving target, and mounting evidence shows how PMT produces high targeting errors. As such, in contexts where the vast majority are poor, or in all other contexts where poverty is a rapidly moving target, is it fiscally responsible to encourage governments to allocate precious resources to continue to try to target poverty? The complexity in doing so comes at a high cost, not only fiscally, but often politically due to the errors. At the same time, the World Bank has clearly stated its support for universal social protection as central to ending poverty. In particular for governments with limited fiscal space, would it be more fiscally responsible to introduce, for example, a child benefit with limited age-based eligibility to for example, the first 1,000 days or greater depending on budget? Surely this is also much more cost effective for countries to manage, and is a direct investment in human capital. Given the mounting evidence on the shortcomings of PMT, and these associated high costs, what more cost effective approaches does this book promote and how do they link with the World Bank's commitment to promote universality?

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  Chad Anderson

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @ChadAnderson - Targeting supports the vision of Universal Social Protection, especially in fiscally constrained countries with high poverty and great need. It is true that in such cases many people need support. Nonetheless, it is likely that some households have greater need than others and that we might want to reach them first. Targeting helps in sequencing progress towards USP in the fairest manner.
  
  In situations of great need and low budget, some countries use a rationing device. For example, public works programs sometimes have a lottery to decide who can participate, if there is more demand than there is places. Having age limits on eligibity is another way in which targeted programs can be shared more widely amongst all who need them,
  
  Which targeting method a country uses will depend on the program objectives and country context. PMT may be the best option in one situation but not in another.
  
  Finally, your question gets a a very important point: no targeting method can overcome an underfunded social protection system. Countries need to invest in greater revenue collection in order to finance needed investments in human capital, infrastructure and job creation, and social protection. Social protection is particularly important in helping mitigate the impact of new taxes - often VAT or GST on the poor.

  Mar 31 2022 9:13 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 9:13 AM

  Regardless of the targeting method, robust social protection delivery systems are pivotal to the success and impact of social protection programs. Laura Pabón Alvarado shares how Colombia is making a move from periodic survey sweeps to a more dynamic system.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:11 AM

  For the various listed targeting methods, what is the average targeting and operation cost in relation to total beneficiary amounts that goes to the poor, especially for a small target group. in relation to universal social protection.

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  BK

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @BK - The average cost of targeting is around $1-3 per beneficiary or less than 2 percent of benefit values, so relatively small.  Universal Social Protection will likely have multiple programs for different needs and purposes; the more programs which use a targeting system, the more the costs fall.

  Mar 31 2022 9:11 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 9:08 AM

  Hello everyone, please send your questions through the live chat on this page and join the conversation by using the hashtag #TargetedProtection on social media. You can read more about our new report Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas here: press release, publication page, and two page summary. You will be able to download the report very soon. Apologies for the delay and technical glitch. 

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:04 AM

  Senegal has just passed legislation mandating the use of the registry for 30 programs. Ousseynou Diop discusses why it is an important step for Senegal.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:03 AM

  "Better social protection systems help citizens better weather the shocks of COVID," said Dr. Rema Hanna.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:00 AM

  Rema Hanna shares her research on the costs of targeting. The new publication shows that while targeting has costs, they are often moderate or manageable.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 9:00 AM

  Targeting households in poverty is complex enough.
  It is even more difficult to target households that are not poor, but have suddenly fallen into poverty or vulnerability as a result of a shock.
  What means or methodologies do social registries have to quickly and effectively target beneficiaries of emergency shock response programs?

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  Abdou

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @Abdou - Having a dynamic social registry helps with every day shocks for individuals, which we discussed earlier.

  Building on the answer to the last question, the best way to handle shocks is to be prepared for them ahead of time.  Social registries which already have up to date information on much of the population (even those who are not current beneficiaries) can quickly provide support when shocks happen.  Jordan is a good example during COVID; the majority of its citizens were already in the social registry, so the country was able to not only provide additional support to existing beneficiaries but also to expand to many more vulnerable households to help them as well.

  Even if there is not social registry or it is out of date, new technology means targeting affected households during shocks can be done quickly.  The book includes the example of Togo, which used mobile phone data to help target the country's COVID social protection response.

  Mar 31 2022 9:00 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:59 AM

  Thanks for tuning in, everyone. Please send your questions through the live chat on this page and join the conversation by using the hashtag #TargetedProtection on social media. Don’t forget to participate in our polls. Please read more about our new report Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas here: press release and publication page. You will be able to download the report very soon. Apologies for the delay and technical glitch. 

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:53 AM

  Do social assistance assists in convergence situation of society ?

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  RONJON HANDIQUE

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @RONJONHANDIQUE - See some discussion on this on the WB SPJ website or in the WB SPJ strategy)

  Mar 31 2022 8:53 AM

  

  Gbenga

  Is the new publication - Revisiting targeting in social assistance new look at old dilemmas - available for download?

  Mar 31 2022 8:57 AM

  

  Jing Guo

  @Gbenga - Our apologies for a technical glitch. We are working on the link for downloading the report. Thanks for your patience. In the meantime, please read the press release and publication page for more information. 

  Mar 31 2022 8:57 AM

  

  Janot

  Could you explain a bit more how shock-responsive mechanism/s can anticipate expansion of eligibility and/or services (such as people who may be above poverty line) becoming more vulnerable when an extreme event is anticipated?

  Mar 31 2022 9:16 AM

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @Janot - Helping to manage shocks is such an important area for SP programming in recent years that the term Adaptive Social Protection (see  more in ASP book)  has been coined to draw attention to the need to ensure that individual programs and the mix of programs are fit for the task. In chapter 3 and 5 we discuss how delivery system and targeting are to be adapted to shocks. But one important aspect is the need to prepare to handle eligibility determination for social protection responses to natural disaster/ shocks. A first step in planning for agile responses to natural disaster is assessing hazards ex ante. Hazard assessments should consider the risks related to the most likely or most severe hazards that might affect people or their assets, the expected impacts on consumption or income and its distribution across regions or the welfare distribution.

  Mar 31 2022 9:16 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:52 AM

  The new report highlights the importance of including people from traditionally excluded groups, such as people living in remote areas or people who have been displaced. Laura Pabón is sharing examples of how the social protection programs in Colombia supported targeting and inclusion of these groups.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:50 AM

  How does Targeting work in relation to the urgency of Shock response in cases of emergency situation case COVID 19 example? And how would targeting work when there are disasters or social distancing and lockdowns?

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  BK

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @BK - The book has a long discussion of targeting with shocks (see chapters 3 and 5). Income dynamics and shocks are significant and pose difficult challenges for targeting, and some targeting methods are more agile than others. Even in 'normal' times, the dynamics of welfare and poverty are considerable; shocks can dramatically amplify this. Shock responses require thinking through who gets the priority for assistance - those who were poor even before the shock? those made poor because of it? those with large losses even if they remain above the poverty line? Some targeting methods lend themselves more easily to handle some sorts of income dynamics or shocks than others. In chapter 5 we provide a summary of how each method works, and pros and cons for shocks.

  Mar 31 2022 8:50 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:47 AM

  Its interesting the online survey didn’t include the categorical targeting of children as a targeting approach. Pros a) children are more likely to be in poverty, especially large families; b) it can be progressively realized as age ranges covered increase; c) its in line with the WBs human capital approach and children realizing their potential and knock on benefits on economies and intergenerational poverty. It will also be much more administratively feasible than HH welfare-based targeting which requires up-to-date quality data and can promote social cohesion, particularly where geographic targeting may be challenging. Would be interested to hear your thoughts!

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  David Stewart

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @DavidStewart - 

  Thanks for the question and for highlighting categorical targeting. The publication talks a lot about categorical targeting (see overview/message 8, chapter 3 and chapter 5). The publication reviewed countries/programs internationally, finding three quarters used categorical targeting, either stand-alone or with another method. Many programs are inherently categorical in design. In looking at the types of programs coded as using categorical targeting, we see a predominance of those related to age, such as family and child allowances, nutrition programs, school feeding, scholarships, provision of school supplies, old age pensions, and burial grants. We found out that categorical targeting is also used in 43 percent of programs that are not inherently categorical such as poverty alleviation programs, targeted subsidies, or emergency support. see chapter 5).

  In addition, we also suggest that sometimes demographic targeting may be a very good fit for a program’s objectives, not necessarily as an inherently individual or age-related service or benefit, but as a pragmatic way of serving poverty reduction or risk management functions (see discussions in chapters 1 and 5)

  Categorical targeting may well be a good choice in many instances, although we do also note that while many households in a category (such as having children) are poor, there are often many poor households in a country who are not in the category. Thus w emphasize that objectives and social and political context are likely to influence choices among targeting methods. There is no absolute ranking of methods, and there is no ‘one size fits all’ targeting method and customization is key.

  Mar 31 2022 8:47 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:47 AM

  The new report highlights the importance of including people from traditionally excluded groups, such as people living in remote areas or people who have been displaced. Ousseynou Diop is sharing examples of how the social protection programs in Senegal supported targeting and inclusion of these groups.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:46 AM

  Thanks for tuning in, everyone. Please send your questions through the live chat on this page and join the conversation by using the hashtag #TargetedProtection on social media. Don’t forget to participate in our polls. Please read more about our new report Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas here: press release and publication page.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:42 AM

  Is the publication available? If yes, how can I access it? Thanks.

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  gihanad@gmail.com

  

  Jing Guo

  @gihanad@gmail.com - We are working on the link for downloading the report. Thanks for your patience. In the meantime, please read the press release and publication page for more information. 

  Mar 31 2022 8:42 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:40 AM

  What are the main challenges of the social information systems to improve targeting in a context of rapid changes?

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  Jefreylizardo

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @Jefreylizardo - The frequent recurrence of shocks and crises pose an important challenge; how can SP systems be adequately flexible and dynamic?New data and technology allow for better system interoperability and data integration and offer the promise of significant improvements in targeting accuracy. But at same time they raise concerns about data privacy and data protection (see discussion in overview/message 9 and in chapters 4, 6 and 8). Moreover, recurring shocks require better thinking and planning, Efforts to target social assistance have evolved over time – often improving aspects of delivery systems or data collection and use through constant monitoring and periodic process evaluations.

  Mar 31 2022 8:40 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:40 AM

  Rema Hanna continued on to talk about role of new technology in improving targeting and social protection performance from a global perspective. 

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:35 AM

  I would like to learn more about the WB's gender and intersectionality approach in the Social Protection work/reaching those most in need.

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  gihanad@gmail.com

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @gihanad@gmail.com - The World Bank uses social protection programs to empower women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by many development challenges - they predominate among the elderly and are over-represented in informal employment, often excluded from more productive opportunities in the labor market; they suffer disproportionally from fragility and conflict.

  We promote investments in human capital, including skills training, to enhance the productivity of women in jobs self-employment. Women's economic empowerment is crucial to improving access to productive assets and markets, and enhance decision-making power, as well as childcare services and labor market intermediation to connect women with job opportunities.

  Considering gender more broadly, Gender Based Violence, which has increased during the pandemic, requires specific responses to reduce poverty and stress. We also invest in gender-smart delivery systems and human-centered programs to overcome or minimize the consequences of specific mobility and access challenges.

  Mar 31 2022 8:35 AM

  

  mrudge@sightsavers.org

  As a follow up to that, how is the World Bank supporting women with disabilities? People with disabilities have diverse requirements and it is important for schemes to be targeted so they can cover specific disability costs - how to ensure this targeting is improved and not linked to inability to work?

  Mar 31 2022 9:05 AM

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @mrudge@sightsavers.org - We discuss the importance of having an inclusive system for special groups, including people with disability. To improve targeting outcomes for this group the outreach, communication and intake and registration process must be adapted to their needs as well. See discussion in chapter 4 and on box 5.5. More on the World Bank vision on the topic of disability see https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability

  Mar 31 2022 9:05 AM

  

  mrudge@sightsavers.org

  As a follow up to that, how is the World Bank supporting women with disabilities? People with disabilities have diverse requirements and it is important for schemes to be targeted so they can cover specific disability costs - how to ensure this targeting is improved and not linked to inability to work?

  Mar 31 2022 9:41 AM

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @mrudge@sightsavers.org - The book discuss a lot the importance of having a good and inclusive system for special groups, including people with disability. To improve targeting outcomes for this group the outreach, communication and intake and registration process must be adapted to their needs as well. See discussion in chapter 4 and on box 5.5. More on the World Bank vision on the topic of disability see https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability

  Mar 31 2022 9:41 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:33 AM

  Laura Pabón Alvarado, acting Deputy Director of Prospective and National Development, Colombia is discussing how her country’s adjustments from more basic to more sophisticated methods for estimating welfare have helped improve social protection outcomes.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:32 AM

  Has the book also illustrated the targeting process and good practices post the covariate shock (as a part of SRSP)?

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  Binod Koirala

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @BinodKoirala - the book has a fuller treatment of targeting in shocks context. see chapter 3 and chapter 5

  Mar 31 2022 8:32 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:29 AM

  Hello everyone, our apologies for a technical glitch in accessing the report. We are working on it now and the report will be available to you very soon.

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  Jing Guo

  

•  

   

• MAR 31, 2022 8:25 AM

  Ousseynou Diop, Director of Single National Registry, General Delegation for Social Protection and National Solidarity in Senegal shares how Senegal’s social registry system is evolving to better serve social protection for both chronic poverty and adaptive social protection.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:22 AM

  Rema Hanna, Jeffrey Cheah, Professor of South‐East Asia Studies and Chair of the International Development Area of the Harvard Kennedy School, kicks off the panel discussion by talking about the advantages and disadvantages of different targeting methods and why it is important to adjust targeting to contexts.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:17 AM

  Thanks for tuning in, everyone. Please send your questions through the live chat on this page and join the conversation by using the hashtag #TargetedProtection on social media. Don’t forget to participate in our polls.

  To download the new report, please click here: Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:16 AM

  Margaret Ellen Grosh said that social protection interventions often need to assist the poorest and most vulnerable populations first when resources are limited. Yet, there is no single targeting method that fits every situation, and context and policy objectives must drive choices.

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  Jing Guo

  

•  

   

• MAR 31, 2022 8:12 AM

  In my country the experience I have with regards to the social protection fund distribution is that it only lands in the hands of people who already have, those with connections to the people in authority, and those who are the statesman favorite. Less of those of are not even aware of the existence of such programs. How do you ensure that the intended end beneficiaries of this distribution are first in line to say thanks to you?

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  Mathias

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @Mathias - To help ensure that the poorest and most vulnerable are included in the program, communications and outreach are necessary. Good principles of human centered design and delivery systems can help people know what programs are relevant for them, keep their transactions costs down, combat stigma and thus reduce errors of exclusion. In addition, good systems to detect error and fraud are needed. These topics are covered in chapter 4.

  Mar 31 2022 8:12 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:07 AM

  Can dynamic inclusion in social registries help in substantially reducing the otherwise high levels of exclusion errors characterizing social registries?

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  umerkhalid

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @umerkhalid - The book discusses the importance of good delivery systems (chapter 4) for improving targeting outcomes. International experience shows that strengthening delivery systems is  critical for social protection programs, especially targeted ones.

  
  Dynamic inclusion - having information updated on a rolling basis by bringing data in from other public systems and a open/continuous registration process rather than a census-sweep update every 4-5 years - is very important. People's circumstances change over time - people get married, have children, get a new job. This can change eligibility for different programs. By having social registries regularly updated, inclusion and exclusion error over time can be minimised.  Dynamic updating can be improved through linking social registries to more and more other administrative databases.

  Mar 31 2022 8:07 AM

  

  Gloria Chepkoech

  Updating social registries frequently to ensure dynamicism is costly and might face the hurdle of financial and human resource capacity constraints to conduct such massive registration/verification exercises. Does the report include proposals on on-demand registration/ costing analyses for such a recertification or update exercise?

  Mar 31 2022 8:30 AM

  

  Matthew Wai-Poi

  @GloriaChepkoech - Indeed, it is commonly said that household-specific eligibility assessments and social registries have prohibitively expensive administrative costs. The book reviews the available cost data and shows that the administrative costs associated with targeted programs represent a small share of total program costs, and the costs of social registries which are used by multiple programs per country to determine eligibility are also found to be small compared to total program costs - $1-3 per beneficiary or less than 2 percent of the value of the benefits (see more in chapter 2). Moreover, targeting methods are changing as new data and technology as well as other innovations emerge (the book highlights cell phone use as one example), which in turn are likely to reduce expenses further (see more in chapter 6).

  Mar 31 2022 8:30 AM

• MAR 31, 2022 8:06 AM

  Margaret Ellen Grosh, Senior Advisor at the World Bank and an author of the report, presents the main findings of the new publication, Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:05 AM

  How do you ensure that the social protection resources reach the intended beneficiary? Thank you

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  Jennipher Busiku

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @JennipherBusiku - All methods will have some targeting errors and fitting any method to the context is important (see chapter 5), but the book also discusses in depth the importance of good delivery systems (chapter 4) for improving targeting outcomes.. International experience shows that building capacity in delivery systems and customizing the use of data and inference to purpose and context are critical for implementing all social protection programs, especially targeted ones. Moreover targeting methods are changing as new data and technology emerge (see chapters 5 and 6). Hence, efforts to target social assistance have evolved over time, often improving aspects of delivery systems or data collection and use. Constant monitoring and periodic process evaluations can inform policy adjustments and drive good targeting outcomes.

  Mar 31 2022 8:05 AM

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• MAR 31, 2022 8:05 AM

  Michal Rutkowski, Global Director for Social Protection and Jobs at the World Bank, is kicking off the event. He said that “The task of prioritizing access to social protection programs among individuals or groups—or targeting—is done in every country…  debates around decisions about how broadly or narrowly to target, the choice of targeting method, and the many ways that a method can be customized … are perennial in the field of social protection.”

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 8:01 AM

  Welcome everyone! I’m Jing Guo with the World Bank, and I will be moderating today’s live chat together with our experts Matthew Wai-Poi, Lead Economist and Phillippe George Leite, Senior Social Protection Economist.

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  Jing Guo

  

• MAR 31, 2022 7:47 AM

  Hello everyone, and welcome to our event, Targeting Social Protection: How to Reach Those in Need. We'll start the event in a few minutes. Please stay tuned and submit your comments and questions using the live chat.

  You can join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #TargetedProtection. This event will also be live-streamed on our World Bank Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn channels.

  Our new report, Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas, which was just published, provides the latest, comprehensive analysis of the benefits and costs of social protection targeting and evaluates the pros and cons of various targeting methods based on global experience in over 130 countries. 

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  Jing Guo

  

• • WB

  MAR 2, 2022 3:41 PM

  Hello everyone! Please submit your questions and comments now, using the chat feature. We look forward to interacting with you LIVE on March 31st!

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  World Bank Live

  

  View previous replies

  

  k.hofah.utaibi@gmail.com

  Aid distribution sometimes don't bring fruitful results in sustainable manner. What if building manufacturing eco-friendly sites to improve and empower people in fragile communities. Hand in hand with education facilities to develop locals capacities in required areas of industry inquiry. This should help scaling innovations in learning organisation and bridge the poverty gap and results in no one left behind with improved life and household.

  Mar 31 2022 8:18 AM

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @k.hofah.utaibi@gmail.com - Indeed. A good social protection system must have a multitude of social programs designed in coordination with sectors such as education, health, water and sanitation, agriculture, labor, etc as social protection and poverty are multi-dimensional. For example, the unemployed may benefit from both unemployment insurance and active labor market programs, while training and mentoring combined with economic inclusion activities can raise incomes of the poor or decrease their variability. However, this book focuses on the monetary dimension of welfare because it has greater implications for targeting and does not enter in the discussion of types of programs needed in a country. (See more discussion on this on the WB SPJ website or in the WB SPJ strategy)

  Mar 31 2022 8:18 AM

  

  Franck Young

  How is social protection essential to improve access to social assistance,...?

  Mar 31 2022 8:24 AM

  

  Phillippe Leite

  @FranckYoung - The book highlights that there is a strong consensus around the need to reduce poverty and inequality and a drive toward Universal Social Protection (USP). That consensus is reflected in many national policy statements (with some constitutions even mandating USP) and in the rapid expansion in social protection programming and innovations seen in recent years. Hence targeted social protection interventions, which include social assistance, can play a valuable role in helping achieve USP; evidence in the book shows that concentrating a greater share of benefits on the poorest people is more cost effective than expanding coverage more broadly, leading to greater impacts and promoting human rights, equity and inclusion. (See more in chapter 1) .

  Mar 31 2022 8:24 AM

  

  David Stewart

  Great presentation – could you say a little more about demographic targeting of children. Pros a) solid poverty proxy, children are more likely to be in poverty, especially large families; b) it can be progressively realized as age ranges covered increase; c) its in line with the WBs human capital approach addressing intergenerational poverty and positive knock ons; d) can bring strong political support. e) administratively simple. Would be interested to hear the panels thoughts!

  Mar 31 2022 8:47 AM